Ukrainian military said it had downed 58 of the 59 launched drones, described by the air force as a record assault with the Iranian-made "kamikaze" drones. President Volodymyr Zelenskiy said all 36 drones targeting Kyiv had been destroyed.

The pre-dawn attacks came on the last Sunday of May when the capital celebrates Kyiv Day, the anniversary of its official founding 1,541 years ago.

"This is how Russia celebrates the day of our ancient Kyiv," Zelenskiy said in his nightly address.

In what also appears to be the first deadly attack on Kyiv in May, falling debris killed a 41-year-old man, Mayor Vitali Klitschko said, while several other people were injured.

Despite being exhausted from late-night stay in shelters, residents descended into the streets during the day to attend live concerts, sample food stalls and enjoy craft shows in festivities that were scaled down from previous years.

"Strength is in people, it is in cities, it is in life, and when life, people, and the most important cities for culture are despised, Russia will only face defeat," Zelenskiy said.

Moscow did not comment on the attacks. Separately, Russian media cited Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov as reiterating that Moscow's goals in Ukraine will be achieved.

Several districts of Kyiv, by far the largest Ukrainian city with a population of around three million, suffered in the overnight attacks, officials said, including the historical Pecherskyi neighbourhood.

Reuters witnesses said during the air raid alerts that started soon after midnight, many people stood on their balconies, some screaming offensives directed at Russia's President Vladimir Putin and "Glory to air defence" slogans.

France condemned the attack "in the strongest terms", adding that it had claimed the lives of at least two people and left several injured, in what it called a flagrant violation of international humanitarian law.

"These unacceptable acts constitute war crimes and cannot go unpunished," the French foreign affairs ministry said in a statement.

Ukraine's Air Force said that Russia had targeted on Sunday military and critical infrastructure facilities in central Ukraine, and the Kyiv region in particular - as has been increasingly the case with a Ukrainian counteroffensive looming.

Zelenskiy said one drone hit an unidentified infrastructure target in the Zhytomyr region, west of the capital.

Ukrainian Air Force spokesperson Yuri Ihnat told Ukrainian television that a combination of fighter aircraft and mobile air defence systems were used to down the drones.

Ihnat did not say what systems were deployed. He has said previously that Ukraine uses the NASAMS air defence systems to destroy the Shahed drones.

On Saturday, Ukraine's Air Force thanked the United States for sending more of the NASAM systems, among others, as well as the US-made Stinger portable systems also used for downing drones, that were part of the US April aid package.

The expensive Patriots systems, Ihnat said, have made air defences more effective and have been used chiefly for more sophisticated weaponry, such as Russia's hypersonic Kinzhal missiles.

Sunday's attacks came after Kyiv said that combat clashes eased around the besieged city of Bakhmut in southeastern Ukraine, the site of the war's longest battle.

Over the weekend, Kyiv indicated its forces were ready to launch a long-promised counteroffensive to recapture territory taken by Russia in the 15 months of the war.

"Throughout its history, Kyiv has seen various meanness from invaders. It has survived them all, and it will survive the (Russians)," Zelenskiy said on Sunday.

Australian Associated Press